Patil T., Pirrone S.R.M., Dillenburger J., Hadler K.
Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, vol. 17, art. no. 101049, 2026
The volume of hardware accumulating on the lunar surface is increasing at an unprecedented rate due to increased interest from both governments and the private sector. For this reason, developing lunar hardware recycling systems presents several opportunities, including waste reduction and the minimization of resupply missions from Earth. In this context, this study reviews the composition and potential applications of lunar hardware to support sustainable long-duration lunar missions. Here, we propose a novel classification framework for recycling feedstock based on its composition, mass, and locally available lunar resources. This framework enables a systematic prioritisation of end-of-life equipment according to recycling potential and economic importance under lunar conditions. Furthermore, we assess the limitations of terrestrial recycling processes for lunar operations and outline the challenges associated with the handling heterogeneous feedstocks. Finally, future considerations for developing robust lunar recycling systems are discussed and supported by practical examples to establish a sustainable lunar circular economy.
